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Guide to MRCPCH

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Neonatal Sepsis

Neonatal Sepsis

Why is this topic important?

Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide and is one of the highest-yield neonatal topics in MRCPCH examinations.

Candidates should be able to:

  • Recognise risk factors

  • Identify early clinical signs

  • Differentiate early-onset and late-onset sepsis

  • Interpret investigations

  • Understand antibiotic management

  • Recognise complications

Neonatal sepsis commonly appears in FOP, TAS and AKP examinations.


Definition

Neonatal sepsis is a systemic infection occurring during the first 28 days of life.

It may present with:

  • Bacteraemia

  • Meningitis

  • Pneumonia

  • Urinary tract infection

  • Septic shock


Classification

Early-Onset Sepsis (EOS)

Occurs within:

First 72 hours of life

Usually acquired from the mother before or during delivery.


Late-Onset Sepsis (LOS)

Occurs after:

72 hours of life

Usually acquired from the environment or healthcare setting.


Key MRCPCH Facts

  • Neonatal sepsis often presents with non-specific symptoms.

  • Group B Streptococcus is a common cause of EOS.

  • Escherichia coli is another important EOS pathogen.

  • Coagulase-negative Staphylococci commonly cause LOS.

  • Blood culture remains the gold standard investigation.

  • Delayed treatment increases mortality.

  • Neonatal sepsis may present without fever.


Pathophysiology

Infection enters the bloodstream

Systemic inflammatory response

Cytokine release

Capillary leak

Poor tissue perfusion

Organ dysfunction

Shock (severe cases)


Risk Factors

Maternal Risk Factors

Prolonged Rupture of Membranes

18 hours


Maternal Pyrexia

During labour.


Chorioamnionitis

Major risk factor.


Maternal GBS Colonisation

Increases risk of EOS.


Neonatal Risk Factors

Prematurity

Immature immune system.


Low Birth Weight


Invasive Procedures

Examples:

  • UVC

  • UAC

  • Endotracheal tubes

  • Long lines


Prolonged NICU Stay

Increases LOS risk.


Common Organisms

Early-Onset Sepsis

Group B Streptococcus

Most important MRCPCH organism.

Escherichia coli

Listeria monocytogenes

Less common but classically tested.


Late-Onset Sepsis

Coagulase-negative Staphylococci

Most common NICU pathogen.

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram-negative organisms

Examples:

  • Klebsiella

  • E. coli

  • Pseudomonas


Clinical Features

Neonatal sepsis often presents subtly.

Temperature Instability

May be:

  • Fever

  • Hypothermia


Poor Feeding

Common presentation.


Lethargy


Irritability


Apnoea

Especially in preterm infants.


Respiratory Distress

May mimic RDS.


Tachycardia


Hypotension

Late sign.


Seizures

Suggest CNS involvement.


Examination Findings

Poor Perfusion

Prolonged Capillary Refill Time

Mottled Skin

Respiratory Distress

Reduced Consciousness

Severe disease.


Differential Diagnosis

Respiratory Distress Syndrome


Hypoglycaemia


HIE


Congenital Heart Disease


Metabolic Disorders


Investigations

Blood Culture

Gold Standard

Most important investigation.

Important MRCPCH fact.


Full Blood Count

May show:

  • Neutropenia

  • Neutrophilia

  • Thrombocytopenia


C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Helpful but non-specific.


Blood Gas

May show:

  • Metabolic acidosis

  • Raised lactate


Lumbar Puncture

Consider if:

  • Meningitis suspected

  • Positive blood culture

  • Clinical deterioration


Urine Culture

Usually more relevant in LOS.


Management

Immediate Antibiotics

Do not delay treatment.

Important MRCPCH principle.


Empirical Therapy

Common UK regimen:

Benzylpenicillin + Gentamicin

For EOS.

Local guidelines should always be followed.


Supportive Care

Oxygen

Fluids

Glucose Monitoring

Temperature Control


Intensive Care Support

For severe disease:

  • Ventilation

  • Inotropes

  • Intensive monitoring


Complications

Meningitis

Most important complication.


Septic Shock

Life-threatening.


Multi-Organ Failure


Neurodevelopmental Impairment

Particularly following meningitis.


Death

Risk increases with delayed diagnosis.


Prevention

Maternal GBS Screening Policies

Depending on local practice.


Intrapartum Antibiotics

For high-risk mothers.


Hand Hygiene

Critical in NICU.


Care of Central Lines

Reduces LOS.


Common Exam Traps

Trap 1

Neonatal sepsis often presents without fever.


Trap 2

Poor feeding may be the only symptom.


Trap 3

Blood culture is the gold standard investigation.


Trap 4

Group B Streptococcus is a major EOS pathogen.


Trap 5

Coagulase-negative Staphylococci commonly cause LOS.


Trap 6

Do not wait for culture results before starting treatment.


One Minute Revision

  • Sepsis may present subtly.

  • EOS <72 hours.

  • LOS >72 hours.

  • GBS and E. coli = important EOS organisms.

  • CONS = common LOS pathogen.

  • Blood culture = gold standard.

  • Start antibiotics early.

  • Watch for meningitis and shock.


Related Question of the Day

A 2-day-old infant becomes lethargic, feeds poorly and develops temperature instability. What is the most important investigation?

A. Cranial ultrasound

B. Blood culture

C. Echocardiography

D. Sweat test

E. MRI brain

Answer

B. Blood culture

Explanation

Blood culture remains the gold standard investigation for confirming neonatal sepsis.


Related Topics

  • Respiratory Distress Syndrome

  • Necrotising Enterocolitis

  • Apnoea of Prematurity

  • Hypoglycaemia

  • Meningitis


Suggested References

  1. NICE Neonatal Infection Guideline

  2. Rennie & Roberton's Textbook of Neonatology

  3. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics

  4. BNF for Children

  5. Neonatal Life Support (NLS) Manual

  6. British Association of Perinatal Medicine (BAPM)


Disclaimer

These notes are intended for MRCPCH revision and educational purposes only. They do not replace local, national or institutional guidelines. Clinical decisions should always be based on current guidance, senior advice and individual patient circumstances.

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